Blog Arasys Perfector - Xanya Sofra Weiss

Paul L. Nunez, Brett M. Wingeier, and Richard B. Silberstein; 2001

Abstract: A theoretical framework supporting experimental measures of dynamic properties of human
EEG is proposed with emphasis on distinct alpha rhythms. Robust relationships between measured
dynamics and cognitive or behavioral conditions are reviewed, and proposed physiological bases for EEG
at cellular levels are considered. Classical EEG data are interpreted in the context of a conceptual
framework that distinguishes between locally and globally dominated dynamic processes, as estimated
with coherence or other measures of phase synchronization. Macroscopic (scalp) potentials generated by
cortical current sources are described at three spatial scales, taking advantage of the columnar structure
of neocortex. NewEEG data demonstrate that both globally coherent and locally dominated behavior can
occur within the alpha band, depending on narrowband frequency, spatial measurement scale, and brain
state. Quasi-stable alpha phase structures consistent with global standing waves are observed. At the
same time, alpha and theta phase locking between cortical regions during mental calculations is demonstrated,
consistent with neural network formation. The brain-binding problemis considered in the context
of EEG dynamic behavior that generally exhibits both of these local and global aspects. But specific
experimental designs and data analysis methods may severely bias physiological interpretations in either
local or global directions. Hum. Brain Mapping (13:125–164)

Xiao-Yong fANG, Xiao-Ling Shi, Mao-Shern Cao and Jie Yuan; 2008

Based on the microwave absorption properties and the micro-current attenuation mechanism for the cage-like ZnO/SiO₂ nanocomposite reported in our previous paper, we established a micro-current attenuation model and the associated quantitative formula for the calculation of microwave absorption properties. Very good correlation between the calculated and the experimental results has beenobtained for a broad range of frequencies. The maximum deviationless than 3 dB in X-band was obtained. The model provides useful information for understanding the microwave absorption mechanism.

I. Ha;;iday, S.P Thompson, and C.M Care; 1998

We present a method by which an interface generating algorithm, similar to that of earlier lattice Boltzmann models of immiscible fluids, may be extended to a two component, two-speed two-dimensional (D2), nine-link (Q9) lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook fluid. For two-dimensional, microcurrent-free planar interfaces between the two immiscible fluids we derive expressions for static interfacial tensions and interfacial distributions of the two fluids. Extending our analysis to curved interfaces, we propose a scheme for incorporating the influence of interfacial microcurrents that is based upon general symmetry arguments and is correct to second order in lattice velocity. The analysis demonstrates that the interfacial microcurrents have only second-order influence upon the macroscopic behavior of the model. We find good agreement between our calculations and simulation results based on the microcurrent stream function and surface tension results from the pressure tensor or Laplace law.

C.McMakin, W.Gregory, T.Phillips

Objective: Patients who have fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS) associated with cervical spine trauma have distinct pain descriptors and physical examination findings. Currently, there is no effective treatment for fibromyalgia. Microamperage current provides physiologic current flow and has been used in the treatment of some pain syndromes. In this uncontrolled retrospective analysis of patients receiving microcurrent treatment for fibromyalgia following cervical spine trauma, subjective pain scores are utilized as a primary outcomes measure. Accompanying changes in inflammatory cytokines are examined in a subgroup of the same patient population to test the hypothesis that microcurrent treatment produces substantial measurable objective and subjective outcomes supporting the efficacy of this treatment.

Methods: A total of 54 consecutive patients meeting the ACR diagnostic criteria for fibromyalgia were treated with microamperage current. Blood samples on a subset of six patients were analyzed using a recycling immunoaffinity chromatography system to identify objective changes accompanying subjective pain scores.

Results: Five patients did not tolerate treatment. The remaining 49 patients reported reduction in pain on a 10-point visual analog scale (VAS) from an average baseline score of 7.3±1.2 to 1.3±1.1 with the first treatment. (P<0.0001P<0.0001). Thirty-one patients reported symptomatic relief from fibromyalgia following an average of eight treatments. Median time to improvement was 2 months and the actuarial recovery curve reached 100% at 4.5 months. Interleukin-1, Interleukin-6 and substance P levels were all reduced from 330 to 80pg/ml (P=0.004P=0.004), from 239 to 76pg/ml (P=0.0008P=0.0008), and from 180 to 54pg/ml (P=0.0001P=0.0001), respectively, in the first 90-min treatment. Tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-αα was also reduced from 305 to 78pg/ml (P=0.002P=0.002). During the same time period, beta-endorphin and cortisol both increased from an average of 8.2 to 71.1pg/ml (P=0.003P=0.003), and 14.7 to 105.3μg/ml (P=0.03P=0.03), respectively.

Conclusion: In a retrospective study based on analysis of subjective VAS pain scores for 54 patients, symptoms of fibromyalgia following cervical spine trauma were successfully treated with microamperage current. In a subgroup of the same patients, subjective pain improvement scores were accompanied by substantial reduction in serum levels of the inflammatory cytokines IL-1, IL-6, and TNF-αα, and the neuropeptide substance P. Beta-endorphin release and increases in serum cortisol were also observed in these patients during the same treatment period. The subjective outcomes scores in conjunction with biological markers for pain and pro-inflammatory cytokines observed in response to this treatment protocol are important preliminary findings. Based on the observations reported in this analysis, controlled prospective clinical studies to evaluate the clinical efficacy of microcurrent treatment of FMS associated with cervical spine trauma are warranted.

Michael S. Heffernan; 2008

Two mathematical derivatives of electroencephalogram (EEG), Fast Fourier Transform (FFT), and correlation dimension from chaos analysis were used to assess the objective effects of earlobe versus mid-trapezius microcurrent stimulation on brain EEG. These measures were considered to be clinically relevant since low points in the FFT have been associated with attention deficit disorder, and declining correlation dimension has been associated with onset of epilepsy. Thirty Subjects (30) were assigned randomly to one of three groups: earlobe, trapezius, and a double blind placebo control Earlobe stimulation (CES) was hypothesized to alter BEG since research suggests CES enters the brain directly, through a perineural or vascular path via the auditory meatus. Results showed that trapezius microcurrent therapy proved more effective in producing significant declines in FFT spectral smoothing, with an average standard deviation (SD) in the FFT of 1.1, as compared to the CES group showing an SD of 2.9. Correlation dimension in both trapezius and CES stimulation groups increased significantly (p<.001) as compared to placebo, with the correlation dimension measures for earlobe, trapezius, and placebo being 5.7, 5.6, and 3.7, respectively. The author discusses the significance of using body points for promoting clinically beneficial effects in brain electrophysiology as evidenced by improved FFT and correlation dimension.

Objective: To determine whether electric current can be induced in intracardiac catheters, thermistor wires and pacing electrodes in patients duringmagnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Design: Prospective laboratory study.

Setting: Postgraduate medical school hospital.

Subjects: A sheep heart model.

Interventions: None.

Measurements and Main Results: Voltage generated by saline 0.9% flowing through a magnetic field and distribution of current from a catheter tip within a sheep heart model were measured in a 0.15 Tesla MRI system. Resistance of loops formed by pacing wires, a pacing electrode, and a thermistor wire were measured in saline 0.9%. Effects of rapidly changing magnetic fields and the movement of the beating heart on epicardial pacing wires were calculated theoretically. A flow of 200 mL/min of saline 0.9% induced a current of 0.1 microampere (uA) (at 0.15 Tesla). From magnetic resonance images we derived a current density of -0.004 [mu]A/mm2 (at 0.15 Tesla). Internal resistance of pacing catheters and thermistor wires was >1 megaohm (M[OMEGA]). The maximum currents calculated (for a higher field strength of 1.5 Tesla) in a circuit formed by epicardial pacing wires were 80 [mu]A, induced by the beating heart moving the wires through the magnetic field and 46 [mu]A, induced by the rapidly changing magnetic fields.

Conclusions: Current generated by flow of conducting fluid should be safe. Pacing catheters and thermistor wires should be safe if well insulated and disconnected from external electric connections. However, current induced in epicardial pacing wires may be a hazard, and precautions should be taken. External wire tips must be separated, insulated, and coiled to lie along the axis of the magnetic field. Electrocar-diography is required, and defibrillation equipment should be available. (Crit Care Med 1993; 21:1923-1928)

We present a method by which an interface generating algorithm, similar to that of earlier lattice Boltzmann models of immiscible fluids, may be extended to a two component, two-speed two-dimensional (D2), nine-link (Q9) lattice Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook fluid. For two-dimensional, microcurrent-free planar interfaces between the two immiscible fluids we derive expressions for static interfacial tensions and interfacial distributions of the two fluids. Extending our analysis to curved interfaces, we propose a scheme for incorporating the influence of interfacial microcurrents that is based upon general symmetry arguments and is correct to second order in lattice velocity. The analysis demonstrates that the interfacial microcurrents have only second-order influence upon the macroscopic behavior of the model. We find good agreement between our calculations and simulation results based on the microcurrent stream function and surface tension results from the pressure tensor or Laplace law.

Mi-Suk Cho, Rae-Joon Park, So Hyum Park, Yong-Ho Cho and Goh Ah Cheng; 2007

When a muscle is used repeatedly for a long time, it often leads to muscular fatigue and muscle soreness. In middle-aged and elderly populations, muscular fatigue and pain during the performance of activities of daily living is a common problem caused by physiological changes in the musculoskeletal system due to the aging process. Microcurrent therapy has been shown to be effective at reducing pain and muscle soreness. For activities such as standing or walking, specially developed shoes (G-man, Busan, South Korea) which are capable of providing microcurrent therapy during the performance of these activities are an advantage as the treatment becomes integrated with the activity being performed. These therapeutic shoes or microcurrent induction shoes could be potentially useful for providing treatment if they were worn during normal activities. The purpose of this study, therefore, was to investigate the effect of these microcurrent induction shoes on pain and muscle fatigue in middle-aged people with plantar fascitis. Subjects were asked to wear their normal shoes and instructed to walk on a treadmill at 2 and 3 km/hr for 10 minutes each. Subjects were then asked to wear the specially designed microcurrent induction shoes for six weeks for at least 4 hours per day during ADL activities such as standing and walking. During the initial evaluation and at the end of the 6 weeks intervention, the electromyographic (EMG) activity of their right tibialis anterior and soleus muscles were recorded, together with their perceived level of foot pain using a Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). The results showed a significant reduction in their VAS scores (p<0.01), and the change in median power frequency of their tibialis anterior EMG recording (p<0.05). In conclusion, this study demonstrated that microcurrent induction shoes were effective in relieving foot pain and muscle fatigue in subjects with plantar fascitis.

Yi-lo Lin, DVM, MSc Hugo Moolenaar, PhD P. René van Weeren, DVM, PhD Chris H. A. van de Lest, PhD; 2006

Objective—To determine effects of microcurrent electrical tissue stimulation (METS) on equine tenocytes cultured from the superficial digital flexor tendon (SDFT).

Sample Population—SDFTs were collected from 20 horses at slaughter.

Procedure—Tenocytes were isolated following outgrowth from explants and grown in 48-well plates. Four methods of delivering current to the tenocytes with a METS device were tested. Once the optimal method was selected, current consisting of 0 (negative control), 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 1.5 mA was applied to cells (8 wells/current intensity) once daily for 8 minutes. Cells were treated for 1, 2, or 3 days. Cell proliferation, DNA content, protein content, and apoptosis rate were determined.

Results—Application of microcurrent of moderate intensity increased cell proliferation and DNA content, with greater increases with multiple versus single application. Application of microcurrent of moderate intensity once or twice increased protein content, but application 3 times decreased protein content. Application of current a single time did not significantly alter apoptosis rate; however, application twice or 3 times resulted in significant increases in apoptosis rate, and there were significant linear (second order) correlations between current intensity and apoptosis rate when current was applied twice or 3 times.

Conclusions and Clinical Relevance—Results of the present study indicate that microcurrent affects the behavior of equine tenocytes in culture, but that effects may be negative or positive depending on current intensity and number of applications. Therefore, results are far from conclusive with respect to the suitability of using METS to promote tendon healing in horses.

Cowell, Daniel R., MS,; 2005

The primary purpose of this study was to determine if microcurrent stimulation was effective in treating the quadriceps for DOMS and returning it to pre-injury peak torque output. The second purpose of this study was to determine if MENS is effective in reducing pain associated with DOMS. No significant differences were found between groups for either peak or average torque values during an eccentric or concentric contraction. Although the average values for a contraction improved from one test to the next such as during the eccentric contraction from Day 3 to Day 5 for the treatment group they were not significantly different from the placebo group (t(7) = .98; P < .05). There was also a decrease in overall pain across the board regardless of group. Pre and post-treatment analysis showed a trend of decreased pain for both groups with no significant difference by day 5 (t(7) = 1.00; P < .356). While the effectiveness of the microcurrent electrical stimulation treatment was not significant, a study utilizing longer treatment times may yield better results.